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. He joined the brand in March of 2023 as an editor before being promoted to senior editor in January 2024. Fitch graduated from Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio in 2020 with a degree in telecommunications and journalism. He started his career as a news and sports videographer before becoming an on-air sports anchor at the NBC-affiliated news station in Youngstown. Fitch briefly worked as a national content writer for a Chicago-based national television station before joining the 

team. He can be reached at: jfitch@mjhlifesciences.com.

Articles

In addition, data presented at PAS revealed a predictable pharmacokinetic profile in the newborn population, consistent with adult humans. 

Pegtarazimod data confirms inflammation biomarkers in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy infants

Elysha L. Pifko, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, NemoursAlfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Rose Valley, Pennsylvania, United States. 

Shorter antibiotic courses for AOM and CAP in children proved effective across a pediatric health system, according to data presented by Elysha Pifko, MD.

Decreasing antibiotics for acute otitis media and community acquired pneumonia, with Elysha Pifko, MD

 and joined the MJH Life Sciences team in December 2019. She graduated from Youngstown State University in 2019 with a bachelor's degree in journalism and a minor in political science. Prior to graduating, Morgan worked as the editor-in-chief of her college newspaper. She went on to work as an assignment editor at a broadcast news station in Youngstown, Ohio before joining 

 You can reach her at mpetronelli@mjhlifesciences.com.

Early antibiotic use before age 2 is linked to higher childhood obesity risk, with timing playing a key role in long-term weight outcomes.

Antibiotic use before age 2 linked to higher childhood BMI

The study involved 88 pediatric patients, with 12.5% showing positive intradermal test results and 1.1% positive subcutaneous provocation.

New protocol accurately diagnoses pediatric anesthetic allergy

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**Editor's Note** Please note that starting January 1, 2025, we will be switching to an online-exclusive publication process. This will allow us to publish case submissions quicker without having to deal with the variables that come along with print publication. All cases will still be eligible for print publication consideration, but publication in our print magazine is not guaranteed and will be up to the editor's discretion. 

Do you have a puzzling pediatric case that you’d like to share with the readers of 

We are looking for intriguing diagnoses that have stumped the experts—a diagnostic “Puzzler”—to help our physicians enhance their day-to-day practices. If you have such a story to tell, tell us.

Here’s what to do: Before you begin, we suggest that first you review the Puzzler 

https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/case-studies

. Please note the specific style required for writing Puzzler manuscripts.

Next, prepare a draft of your case, including a summary of the presenting symptoms, a case overview, a 

table of the differential diagnosis (MANDATORY)

, and the special aspects of your case that qualify it as a Puzzler, and send it to us. Please note that the differential diagnosis table should also be discussed in the body text. We’ll review your draft and let you know what you need to add or revise before we send the manuscript to peer review for evaluation.

Puzzlers vary in length, and we suggest a minimum of 1,200 words up to a maximum of 2,000 words, but that is because of the complexity of some cases and whether some patients returned for many assessments before their diagnoses were determined. Also, some authors describe the pathophysiology of the differentials in great detail. Please also note no more than 3 authors are allowed per article.

What's most important is to show us the process that you used to analyze the case, including:

Why you decided to order certain tests and why you did not order others.

Peer consultations or why you elected to contact other specialists.

Lab values including vital signs or blood tests.

Labs and values if your patient was attended to in the emergency department or other hospital departments such as radiology or neurology.

Discussion related to the possible diagnoses.

Final diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and follow-up.

Remember to indicate numbered citations within the body of the text and include a complete list of corresponding literature/references at the end of the manuscript. (Do not use any citation management programs or unlink them.) 

Limit references to 25. No references (unless it is a seminal study) can be older than 10 years.

We prefer primary research as references, but some cases are so obscure that authors will need to pull from a variety of sources. However, 

. Be advised that peer reviewers are adamant that the disease/disorder you describe was actually diagnosed and not determined by index of suspicion on the basis of ruling out various differentials. We use AMA11 as our publication style, which uses superscript citation numbers and a corresponding numbered reference list. Please create your citations and references in this style.  Check this recent article posted online at 

https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/the-rx-of-adhd

 for examples of reference style. IMPORTANT NOTE WITH AMA 11TH EDITION: PLEASE PUT DOI OR WEBSITES/URLS AT THE END OF THE REFERENCE LINE.

When you send your draft manuscript, also 

. These image files must be high-resolution jpg or tiff files (minimum of 300 dpi) and as large in size as possible. We suggest a minimum of 7 horizontal inches. The images must be original photos with clear permissions to use, not images from copyrighted sources. Send as separate attachments with your e-mail submission; do not embed images into your manuscript document.

After we receive your manuscript, our editors and peer reviewers will review your draft and let you know if we accept your submission for publication. 

Puzzler is one of the departments for which we receive the most submissions, so it may be several months after submission before you receive feedback from us.

If we do accept your submission for publication, we will contact you with further instructions.

Send your submissions in Microsoft Word format to 

, via e-mail to mpetronelli@mjhlifesciences.com

Guidelines for PUZZLER, Contemporary Pediatrics

This week, the FDA and the US Department of Health and Human Services announced several new measures to phase out all petroleum-based synthetic dyes from the United States' food supply.

According to a press release from the federal agencies, 6 steps will be implemented over the coming weeks and years. The actions are: 

Establishing a national standard and timeline for the food industry to transition from petrochemical-based dyes to natural alternatives.

Initiating the process to revoke authorization for 2 synthetic food colorings—Citrus Red No. 2 and Orange B—within the coming months.

Working with industry to eliminate 6 remaining synthetic dyes—FD&C Green No. 3, FD&C Red No. 40, FD&C Yellow No. 5, FD&C Yellow No. 6, FD&C Blue No. 1, and FD&C Blue No. 2—from the food supply by the end of next year.

Authorizing 4 new natural color additives in the coming weeks, while also accelerating the review and approval of others.

Partnering with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to conduct comprehensive research on how food additives impact children’s health and development.

Requesting food companies to remove FD&C red No. 3 sooner than the 2027-2028 deadline previously required.

The deadline for red No. 3 was announced on January 15, 2025, by the FDA to remove the color additive from food and ingested drugs.

, a 2022 petition cited various data including 2 studies that demonstrated cancer in laboratory male rats that were exposed to high levels of FD&C red no. 3. The FDA noted the way the dye causes cancer in male rats does not occur in humans, and that claims that the "use of red no. 3 in food and ingested drugs puts people at risk are not supported by the available scientific information," wrote the agency at the time of the announcement.

Red No. 3 specifically gives certain foods and drinks a signature, bright red color often found in candy, cakes, and cupcakes, as well as cookies, frosting, icing, and ingested drugs, among other foods.

"The FDA is asking food companies to substitute petrochemical dyes with natural ingredients for American children as they already do in Europe and Canada,” said FDA Commissioner Marty Makary, MD, MPH, in a statement. "We have a new epidemic of 

. Given the growing concerns of doctors and parents about the potential role of petroleum-based food dyes, we should not be taking risks and do everything possible to safeguard the health of our children.”

The FDA stated, in partnership with the NIH Regulatory Science and Research Program, will enhance nutrition and food-related research to inform regulatory decisions better.

In a statement, HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. stated, "For too long, some food producers have been feeding Americans petroleum-based chemicals without their knowledge or consent. These poisonous compounds offer no nutritional benefit and pose real, measurable dangers to our children’s health and development. That era is coming to an end. We’re restoring gold-standard science, applying common sense, and beginning to earn back the public’s trust. And we’re doing it by working with industry to get these toxic dyes out of the foods our families eat every day.” 

1. HHS, FDA to phase out petroleum-based synthetic dyes in nation's food supply. FDA. Press release. April 22, 2025. Accessed April 24, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/hhs-fda-phase-out-petroleum-based-synthetic-dyes-nations-food-supply

2. Fitch, J. FDA bans red no. 3 in food and ingested drugs. Contemporary Pediatrics. January 15, 2025. Accessed April 24, 2025. https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/fda-bans-red-no-3-in-food-and-ingested-drugs 

3. FDA to revoke authorization for the use of red no. 3 in food and ingested drugs. FDA. January 15, 2025. Accessed April 24, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-revoke-authorization-use-red-no-3-food-and-ingested-drugs 

One step will be a partnership with the National Institutes of Health to research how food additives impact children's health. 

News

FDA announces measures to phase out petroleum-based food dyes

 poll. Take a look at the following case below. After reading through the description, choose a multiple-choice answer and try to guess the correct patient diagnosis.

This case was presented by Rutva Vora, BS; and Monica Guirguis, DO.

A 2-month-old female was born after an uneventful pregnancy at 40 weeks’ gestation via vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery to a G2P1011 female. The patient’s APGAR scores were 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively, at birth. No bleeding or other complications were reported during delivery. The newborn and mother were discharged two days after delivery without requiring NICU stay or interventions. The infant briefly developed a small soft palpable scalp swelling that resolved within days after delivery. The patient followed an otherwise uncomplicated growth progression since birth. She did exhibit mild reflux symptoms, which were managed with supportive care measures. Physical examination after delivery and subsequent exams revealed no abnormalities, including no signs of scalp swelling or injury.

At 8 weeks of age, the patient presented to the Emergency Department with a 3-day history of new-onset scalp swelling. The parents decided to seek medical attention after the swelling became noticeably enlarged. Parents denied any changes in her mental status, vomiting, fevers, lethargy, irritability, or any other new concerns. She did have symptoms of gassiness and fussiness that were unchanged from baseline. No history of trauma was reported, and there were no concerning signs suggestive of nonaccidental trauma. The patient appeared well, with a soft, fluctuant palpable subcutaneous fluid collection overlying the parieto-occipital scalp, without crossing suture lines. The anterior fontanelle was soft and non-bulging, and there was no hemotympanum.

Bleeding disorder (e.g. Von Willebrand Disease)

Can you diagnose this patient? Take our poll and find out! Then check back for the full case, differential diagnosis, and correct diagnosis.

Case Studies

Diagnose this 2-month-old with scalp swelling

 poll. Take a look at the following case below. After reading through the description, choose a multiple choice answer and try to guess the correct patient diagnosis. 

 on Wednesday, March 26, 2025 at 12:00 PM ET or later for the full case presentation, differential diagnoses, and the correct patient diagnosis. The full case will be presented as a separate article on our home page.

This case was presented by Ngozi I. Eboh, MD, FAAP, FHM, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas

A 13-year-old female with a history of iron deficiency anemia presented with altered mental status preceded by 5 days of headache, vomiting, nausea, and worsening somnolence that was not responsive to flumazenil, naloxone, or ammonia salts. She had a Glasgow coma scale of 12 and was drowsy with no cranial nerve deficits, or other abnormal physical examination findings. Laboratory evaluation showed microcytic anemia (hemoglobin 7.7 g/dL and MCV (mean corpuscular volume):64.7, lymphocytosis, and mildly elevated liver enzymes [Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 52, Alanine Transaminase (ALT) 110] otherwise her electrolytes and kidney function were normal. 

Urine toxicology, Tylenol level, Salicylate level, alcohol level thyroid studies, iron studies, hepatitis panel were normal. Urine pregnancy and COVID tests were negative. Head computed tomography (Head CT) showed mild hydrocephalus, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed increased signal folia and compression of the lower portion of the fourth ventricle and foramen of Magendie. 

She then had an emergency external ventricular drain placed (EVD) by pediatric neurosurgery, and the team started her on high-dose steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). On the third day of admission, she developed new onset left-sided facial drooping, drooling, downbeat nystagmus, and difficulty following commands. An emergent subcortical craniectomy and decompression, duraplasty, and cerebellar biopsy were performed. A cerebellar biopsy was performed due to findings on brain MRI.

Click here for the full case presentation, differential diagnoses, and the correct patient diagnosis.

Can you diagnose this patient? Take our poll and find out! Then check back for the full case, differential diagnosis, and correct diagnosis. 

Poll: Can you diagnose this 13-year-old female with altered mental status?

On April 18, 2025, the FDA approved a resubmitted supplemental biologics license application (sBLA) for dupilumab (Dupixent; Regeneron and Sanofi) to treat chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) in adults and pediatric patients aged 12 years and older, according to a press release from Regeneron.

The interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 inhibitor for this CSU indication is designed to treat those whose disease is not adequately controlled with H1 antihistamine treatment, and is the first targeted therapy for CSU in over a decade.

With the federal agency's decision, CSU is now the 7th disease with underlying type 2 inflammation in which dupilumab is approved.

"[Dupilumab] is the first new targeted treatment for CSU, in over ten years, with pivotal trials demonstrating its ability to help patients significantly reduce the hallmark symptoms of intense itch and unpredictable hives associated with this disease,” said George D. Yancopoulos, MD, PhD, in a statement. Yancopoulos is the board co-chair, president, and chief scientific officer at Regeneron. "With this FDA decision, Dupixent is now approved for seven chronic, debilitating atopic conditions driven in part by underlying type 2 inflammation, several of which have been shown to co-morbidly occur with CSU, such as atopic dermatitis and asthma – providing patients with one treatment that might help multiple atopy conditions. We look forward to bringing Dupixent to the more than 300,000 CSU patients in the U.S. with inadequately controlled disease on standard-of-care treatment who, until now, had limited treatment options," added Yancopoulos.

Data that led to dupilumab approval for CSU 

Acceptance of the sBLA was based on data from the LIBERTY-CUPID phase 3 clinical program that featured Study A, Study B, and Study C. This sBLA added results from Study C, which was carried out in patients with uncontrolled CSU who were on standard-of-care antihistamines. This study met primary and key secondary endpoints that confirmed results in Study A.

Study A and Study C were phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials, that compared dupilumab with placebo in symptomatic CSU patients despite H1-AH—the treatment met the primary and all key secondary outcomes. According to data 

, Study A was made up of omalizumab-naive patients aged 6 years and up (n = 138) while Study B featured omalizumab-intolerant/incomplete responders aged 12 years and older (n = 108). 

Both Weekly Urticaria Activity Score (UAS7) and Weekly Itch Severity Score (ISS7) improved with dupilumab compared to treatment in Study A, according to data published in 

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 

((difference -8.5 [95% CI, -13.2 to -3.9; (difference -8.5 [95% CI, -13.2 to -3.9; 

 = .0003] and -4.2 [95% CI, -6.6 to -1.8; 

Trial investigators noted that in Study B, UAS7 improved (difference -5.8 [95% CI, -11.4 to -0.3; 

 = .0390]), with a numerical trend in ISS7 (difference -2.9 [95% CI, -5.7 to -0.07; nominal 

 = .0449, not significant]). Pooled safety data across each study revealed consistency between dupilumab and placebo, which aligned with the known safety profile of dupilumab.

Dupilumab improves itch and hives in CSU patients 

The chronic inflammatory skin disease is characterized by the sudden onset of hives on the skin or swelling under the skin. Study C enrolled 151 children and adults to receive either dupilumab (n = 74) or placebo (n = 77), added to standard-of-care histamine-1 (H1) antihistamines, Sanofi previously announced. At 24 weeks, efficacy for patients receiving dupilumab, compared to placebo, was:

The sBLA for dupilumab (Dupixent) was supported by data from the phase 3 LIBERTY-CUPID clinical program in patients with uncontrolled CSU. 

Elysha L. Pifko, MD

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