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Botulinum toxin type A has a role in managing spasticity and dystonia in pediatric patients. It can improve gait and upper extremity function when used appropriately.

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A 12-year-old otherwise healthy boy was referred to a sports medicine clinic for back pain of 7 months' duration. The pain, which originated to the right of his thoracic spine, was associated with shooting hockey pucks. Results of his physical examination were normal.

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An African American baby girl was noted to have noisy breathing at birth. The infant had inspiratory stridor while awake and no audible stridor while asleep. Birth weight was 3.20 kg (7.11 lb). She had been formula fed for the first 2 weeks of life and had intermittently vomited after feedings.

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A male neonate was born at 39 weeks' gestation by vertex vaginal delivery with focal swelling of the head. Vacuum extraction and forceps were not necessary for delivery. The mother had no complications during labor. Apgar scores were 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. A cephalhematoma was suspected when the fluctuant parietal swelling did not transilluminate.

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A 3-year-old girl was hospitalized because of purulent drainage from a right middle finger wound (Figure 1) and a tender right axillary mass (Figure 2) of 2 days’ duration.

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This 9-month-old infant was brought for evaluation of anteroposterior elongation of the cranium. The infant was born at term via uncomplicated vaginal delivery. His mother had noticed that his head was more elongated and narrower than his sibling's. He had achieved appropriate motor and social milestones for his age. Neither parent had a family history of abnormal head shape. The rest of the examination findings were unremarkable.

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A 10-week-old white baby girl with a history of difficulty in breathing presented with stridor, tachypnea, wheezing, and increased work of breathing.

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Two-month-old boy with divot in the lower back, shown here with the gluteal crease relaxed (A) and spread (B). Infant is a product of an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. Nursery stay uneventful. Subsequent feeding and growth normal. Parents report no problems with urination or defecation.

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This 7-year-old boy was brought in for a routine well-child visit. His history included profound sensorineural hearing loss, (for which he had received cochlear implants) and congenital heart disease (a small ventricular septal defect, subaortic ridge, right ventricular conduction delay, and mild left ventricular dilatation).

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These 2 swellings on the scalp of a 13-year-old boy had appeared about 8 months earlier and had slowly enlarged. The mother had massaged the lesions when they were small in an attempt to heal them. There was no history of local trauma (eg, from hair-cutting tools) and no pain or discharge from the lesions.

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Although bronchiolitis is commonly seen in very young children, the infection can be dangerous and even fatal for some infants. Here, new thoughts on risk factors that may determine which babies get very sick.

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As the calendar advances to the fall months, we are reminded everywhere that it’s time for the annual influenza vaccination. In August 2011, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) updated its vaccination recommendations to include new guidelines for children ages 6 months through 8 years, and for persons with egg allergy.

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A baby boy born after normal vaginal delivery at 36 weeks’ gestation was noted to have a distinct abdominal wall lesion. Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively.

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Two days after "heading" a soccer ball, a 17-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with progressive pain and a foreign-body sensation in his left eye. Visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/25 in the left eye. The pupils were equally round and reactive; full extraocular movements of both eyes were noted. The left eye had conjunctival injection and a 1-mm foreign body on the medial cornea with a surrounding halo of discoloration--typical of a metallic corneal foreign body. A Seidel test (which demonstrates streaming of fluorescein dye from the aqueous humor when illuminated with UV light) revealed no evidence of corneal perforation; there were noareas of fluorescein dye uptake.

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The parents of this child are concerned that her eyes are “crossed.” Is this condition cause for concern?

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A Hill-Sachs deformity is a compression injury to the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head created by the glenoid rim during dislocation.

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The authors describe the case of a 2-year-old girl with severe persistent asthma whose disease management was complicated by this rare clinical diagnosis.

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A 12-year-old boy from Pakistan presented with weakness, night sweats, anorexia, and chronic cough of 2 months' duration. He had undergone spinal surgery about 5 months before immigrating to the United States when acute paralysis, kyphosis, and a prominent midline hump (gibbus deformity) developed in his thoracic spine. The child appeared pale and weak but in no acute respiratory distress. His weight was 20.5 kg (45 lb). He had difficulty in walking without assistance. Muscle wasting was noted in the arms and legs, and he had a healing lesion on the left elbow that drained pus. Other physical examination findings were unremarkable except for a fever (temperature of 37.2°C [99°F]) and the gibbus deformity.

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ABSTRACT: Adolescent drivers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to be involved in--and to die of--a driving accident than any other cause. The higher occurrence of driving mishaps is not surprising given that the core symptoms of ADHD are inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Safe driving habits can diminish the risk, however. The first step is to inform patients of the dangers of driving; the significance of adolescence, ADHD, and medication can be underscored in a written "agreement." Strategies to promote safer driving--especially optimally dosed long-acting stimulant medication taken 7 days a week--may be critical. A number of measures lead to safer driving by reducing potential distractions during driving (eg, setting the car radio before driving, no drinking or eating or cell phone use while driving, no teenage passengers in the car for the first 6 months of driving, and restricted night driving).

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Bell palsy is a facial nerve palsy thought to be the result of a lower motor neuron lesion caused by an autoimmune response. Viral infections are commonly implicated.

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The lesions in this newborn's mouth are Bohn nodules. These mucous gland cysts manifest as firm, small (less than 3 mm) grayish white nodules--usually in the mouth on the buccal or lingual aspect of the alveolar ridges. They occasionally occur on the palate, and may be confused with large Epstein pearls.

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Key words: type 2 diabetes melllitus, childhood obesity

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For 3 days, a 6-year-old boy had nonpruritic, painful lesions on the soles of both feet. His mother reported that he had difficulty in sleeping and walking but had no fever or other systemic symptoms.

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A 9-month-old white boy was brought to the emergency department (ED) after he had been crying inconsolably for 2 hours. The parents thought the crying was related to the child's left leg, which they felt "did not look right." Two weeks earlier, the boy had a similar episode of inconsolable crying, and a fracture of the right distal radius was diagnosed. The fracture was presumptively caused by entrapment of his arm in the crib railings.

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Twenty-four hours after receiving a standard 5-unit purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) skin test, a young African American presented with a slightly pink, raised, firm plaque at the site of the injection (A). His previous PPD test results were negative. He denied any constitutional symptoms and rashes. He was otherwise healthy, was not taking any medication, and was HIV-negative.

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Ten-month-old girl with swelling of the left knee of 7 weeks' duration. Unable to bear weight on the left leg for the past 2 weeks. No fever or history of trauma to the area. Infant has good appetite for breast milk and formula, but possible malaise.

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A 14-year-old girl was referred for evaluation of a several-year history of growth failure, chronic abdominal pain, and intermittent emesis. The parents described the child as a "picky eater," and various foods (eg, meat products and beans) frequently caused abdominal distention.

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A 15-year-old boy presented with a “string” protruding about 5 cm from his anus. He had had abdominal cramping that morning, prompting a bowel movement. After the stool, he passed a meter-long object that broke into the toilet. He attempted to remove the remaining “string,” but pulling on it induced left lower quadrant abdominal pain. He denied purposefully ingesting nonfood objects, choking, or chewing anything unusual. He also denied inserting anything or having anything inserted into his anus. He was otherwise healthy and had no significant medical or family history.

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The parents of an 8-year-old boy seek evaluation of a red patch on their son's shoulder. The asymptomatic spot erupted 2 weeks earlier. The patient has seasonal allergies and frequently plays with his dog.